From 77643c22a7233f586c1b82bb76d144b4eb091b96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ian Jauslin <ian@jauslin.org>
Date: Wed, 8 Jan 2020 19:38:03 -0800
Subject: As presented at UBC on 2020-01-09

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+\documentclass{ian-presentation}
+
+\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{array}
+
+\begin{document}
+\pagestyle{empty}
+\hbox{}\vfil
+\bf\Large
+\hfil A simplified approach to interacting Bose gases\par
+\vfil
+\large
+\hfil Ian Jauslin
+\normalsize
+\vfil
+\hfil\rm joint with {\bf Eric Carlen}, {\bf Elliott H. Lieb}\par
+\vfil
+arXiv:{\tt \href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.04987}{1912.04987}}
+\hfill{\tt \href{http://ian.jauslin.org}{http://ian.jauslin.org}}
+\eject
+
+\setcounter{page}1
+\pagestyle{plain}
+
+\title{Bose gas}
+\hfil\includegraphics[height=6cm]{BEC.png}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Interacting Bose gas}
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item State: symmetric wave functions in a finite box of volume $V$ with periodic boundary conditions:
+  $$
+    \psi(x_1,\cdots,x_N)
+    ,\quad
+    x_i\in \Lambda_d:=V^{\frac1d}\mathbb T^d
+  $$
+  \item $N$-particle Hamiltonian:
+  $$
+    H_N:=
+    -\frac12\sum_{i=1}^N\Delta_i
+    +\sum_{1\leqslant i<j\leqslant N}v(x_i-x_j)
+  $$
+  with $v(x-y)\geqslant 0$ and $v\in L_1\cap L_{\frac d2+\epsilon}(\mathbb R^d)$.
+\end{itemize}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Interacting Bose gas}
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item Ground state:
+  $$
+    H_N\psi_0=E_0\psi_0
+    ,\quad
+    E_0=\min\mathrm{spec}(H_N)
+  $$
+  \item Compute the ground state-energy per particle in the thermodynamic limit:
+  $$
+    e_0:=\lim_{\displaystyle\mathop{\scriptstyle V,N\to\infty}_{\frac NV=\rho}}\frac{E_0}N
+  $$
+\end{itemize}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Energy}
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item Integrate $H_N\psi_0=E_0\psi_0$:
+  $$
+    \frac{E_0}N=\frac{N-1}{2V}\int dx\ v(x)g_2(0,x)
+  $$
+  \item $g_n$: marginal of $\psi_0$
+  $$
+    g_n(x_1,\cdots,x_n):=\frac{V^n\int dx_{n+1}\cdots dx_N\ \psi_0(x_1,\cdots,x_N)}{\int dx_1\cdots dx_N\ \psi_0(x_1,\cdots,x_N)}
+  $$
+  \item $\psi_0\geqslant 0$, so it can be thought of as a probability distribution
+\end{itemize}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Hierarchy}
+\vskip-10pt
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item Equation for $g_2$: integrate $H_N\psi_0=E_0\psi_0$ with respect to $x_3,\cdots,x_N$:
+  $$
+    \begin{array}{>\displaystyle l}
+      -\frac12(\Delta_x+\Delta_y) g_2(x,y)
+      +\frac{N-2}V\int dz\ (v(x-z)+v(y-z))g_3(x,y,z)
+      \\[0.5cm]\hfill
+      +v(x-y)g_2(x,y)
+      +\frac{(N-2)(N-3)}{2V^2}\int dzdt\ v(z-t)g_4(x,y,z,t)
+      =E_0g_2(x,y)
+    \end{array}
+  $$
+  \item Factorization assumption:
+  $$
+    g_3(x_1,x_2,x_3)=g_2(x_1,x_2)g_2(x_1,x_3)g_2(x_2,x_3)
+  $$
+  $$
+    g_4(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4)=\prod_{i<j}(g_2(x_i,x_j)+O(V^{-1}))
+  $$
+\end{itemize}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Lieb's simple equation}
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item In the thermodynamic limit, after making a few additional assumptions, \href{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.130.2518}{[Lieb, 1963]}:
+  $$
+    (-\Delta+v(x)+4e_0)u(x)=v(x)+2e_0\rho\ u\ast u(x)
+  $$
+  $$
+    e_0=\frac\rho2\int dx\ (1-u(x))v(x)
+  $$
+  \item with $\rho:=\frac NV$
+  $$
+    g_2(x,y)=1-u(x-y)
+    ,\quad
+    u\ast u(x):=\int dy\ u(x-y)u(y)
+  $$
+\end{itemize}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{One dimension}
+\hfil\includegraphics[height=6cm,angle=0.4]{1d.png}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Numerical solution for $v(x)=e^{-|x|}$ in 3 dimensions}
+\hfil\includegraphics[height=6cm]{erho_bare.pdf}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Numerical solution for $v(x)=e^{-|x|}$ in 3 dimensions}
+\hfil\includegraphics[height=6cm]{erho.pdf}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Asymptotics for the Bose gas}
+\vskip-10pt
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item {\bf Theorem} \href{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.130.2518}{[Lieb, 1963]}: if $\hat v(k):=\int dx\ e^{ikx}v(x)\geqslant 0$, then
+  $$
+    \frac{e_0}{\rho}\mathop{\longrightarrow}_{\rho\to\infty}\frac12\int dx\ v(x)
+  $$
+  \item {\bf Theorem} \href{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.2504}{[Lieb, Yngvason, 1998]}: in 3 dimensions ($a$: scattering length)
+  $$
+    \frac{e_0}{\rho}\mathop{\longrightarrow}_{\rho\to0}2\pi a
+  $$
+  \href{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.106.1135}{[Lee, Huang, Yang, 1957]}, \href{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10955-009-9792-3}{[Yau, Yin, 2009]}, \href{https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06164}{[Fournais, Solovej, 2019]}:
+  $$
+    e_0=2\pi\rho a\left(1+\frac{128}{15\sqrt\pi}\sqrt{\rho a^3}+o(\sqrt\rho)\right)
+  $$
+\end{itemize}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Comparison with Bose gas (Monte Carlo)}
+\vskip-10pt
+\hfil\includegraphics[width=8cm]{erho_holzmann.pdf}
+
+\hfil{\footnotesize Monte Carlo computation courtesy of M. Holzmann}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Main Theorem}
+\vskip-5pt
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item If $v(x)\geqslant 0$ and $v\in L_1\cap L_{\frac d2+\epsilon}(\mathbb R^d)$, then Lieb's simple equation
+  $$
+    (-\Delta+4e_0+v)u=v+2e_0\rho u\ast u
+    ,\quad
+    e_0=\frac\rho2\int dx\ (1-u(x))v(x)
+  $$
+  has an integrable, non-negative solution (proved constructively).
+
+  \item In 3 dimensions,
+  $$
+    e_0=2\pi\rho a\left(1+\frac{128}{15\sqrt\pi}\sqrt{\rho a^3}+o(\sqrt\rho)\right)
+    ,\quad
+    \frac{e_0}\rho\mathop{\longrightarrow}_{\rho\to\infty}\frac12\int dx\ v(x)
+  $$
+
+  \item If $v(x)\equiv v(|x|)$ is radially symmetric and decays exponentially,
+  $$
+    u(|x|)\mathop\sim_{|x|\to\infty}\frac\alpha{|x|^4}
+  $$
+\end{itemize}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Existence of a solution (sketch)}
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item Change the point of view: fix $e_0>0$, and compute $\rho$ and $u$.
+
+  \item Iteration: $u_0=0$,
+  $$
+    (-\Delta+4e_0+v)u_n=v+2e_0\rho_{n-1}u_{n-1}\ast u_{n-1}
+    ,\quad
+    \rho_n:=\frac{2e_0}{\int dx\ (1-u_n(x))v(x)}
+    .
+  $$
+
+  \item Prove by induction that $u_n(x)$ is an increasing sequence, and is bounded $u_n(x)\leqslant 1$. It therefore converges to a function $u$, which is the unique integrable non-negative solution of the equation with $e_0$ fixed.
+
+  \item In addition, we prove that $e_0\mapsto\rho(e_0)$ is continuous, and $\rho(0)=0$ and $\rho(\infty)=\infty$, which allows us to  compute solutions for the problem at fixed $\rho$. This does not imply the uniqueness of the solution.
+\end{itemize}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Asymptotics (sketch)}
+\vskip-10pt
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item When $\rho$ is small, $e_0$ is small as well, so the solution $u$ is {\it not too far from} the solution of the scattering equation
+  $$
+    (-\Delta+v)\varphi=v
+    .
+  $$
+
+  \item The energy of $\varphi$ is
+  $$
+    \frac\rho 2\int dx\ (1-\varphi(x))v(x)=2\pi\rho a
+  $$
+  which yields the first term in the expansion.
+
+  \item The second term comes from approximating
+  $$
+    (1-u(x))v(x)\approx\frac{2e_0}\rho\delta(x)
+  $$
+  and solving the equation in Fourier space.
+\end{itemize}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Decay (sketch)}
+$$
+  (-\Delta+4e_0+v)u=v+2e_0\rho u\ast u
+  ,\quad
+  e_0=\frac\rho2\int dx\ (1-u(x))v(x)
+$$
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item $u$ and $u\ast u$ have to decay at the same rate. This is a property of algebraically decaying functions.
+
+  \item (Remark: $u_n(x)$ decays exponentially).
+
+  \item Proof is based on the Fourier transform and complex analysis.
+
+  \item Remark: The truncated two-point correlation function of the Bose gas is also conjectured to decay like $|x|^{-4}$.
+\end{itemize}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Conclusion}
+\vfill
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item Simple equation: correct asymptotics for the ground state energy at both high and low densities.
+
+  \item Good approximation for intermediate densities (relative error of 5\%).
+
+  \item Intriguing non-linear PDE.
+
+  \item Proved existence, asymptotics, and decay rate.
+\end{itemize}
+\vfill
+\eject
+
+\title{Open problems and conjectures}
+\begin{itemize}
+  \item Monotonicity of $e_0\mapsto\rho(e_0)$, and concavity of $e_0\mapsto\frac1{\rho(e_0)}$ (would imply uniqueness).
+
+  \item Existence of solutions that are not non-negative? (seems unlikely)
+
+  \item Other observables? Condensate fraction? (in progress)
+
+  \item Crystallization?
+
+  \item {\it Lieb's simple equation} is actually a simplified version of a more complicated one: {\it Lieb's full equation}. Can it improve on the simple one? (in progress)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\end{document}
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