\documentclass{ian-presentation}

\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{array}

\begin{document}
\pagestyle{empty}
\hbox{}\vfil
\bf\Large
\hfil Time-evolution of electron emission\par
\smallskip
\hfil from a metal surface\par
\vfil
\large
\hfil Ian Jauslin
\normalsize
\vfil
\hfil\rm joint with {\bf Ovidiu Costin}, {\bf Rodica Costin}, and {\bf Joel L. Lebowitz}\par
\vfil
arXiv:{\tt \href{http://arxiv.org/abs/1808.00936}{1808.00936}}\hfill{\tt \href{http://ian.jauslin.org}{http://ian.jauslin.org}}
\eject

\setcounter{page}1
\pagestyle{plain}

\title{Field emission}
\vfill
\hfil\includegraphics[height=5cm]{emitter.jpg}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Field emission}
$$
  V(x)=U\Theta(x)
  ,\quad
  E_{\mathrm F}=k_{\mathrm F}^2<U
$$
\hfil\includegraphics[height=5cm]{potential_square.pdf}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Thermal emission}
$$
  V(x)=U\Theta(x)
  ,\quad
  k^2>U
$$
\hfil\includegraphics[height=5cm]{potential_square_thermal.pdf}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Photonic emission}
$$
  V_t(x)=\Theta(x)(U-E_tx)
  ,\quad
  E_t=2\epsilon\omega\cos(\omega t)
$$
\hfil\includegraphics[height=5cm]{potential_square_photonic.pdf}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Field emission}
$$
  V(x)=\Theta(x)(U-Ex)
$$
\hfil\includegraphics[height=5cm]{potential.pdf}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Field emission}
\begin{itemize}
  \item \href{https://doi.org/10.1073\%2Fpnas.14.1.45}{[Millikan, Lauritsen, 1928]}: experimental plot of the logarithm of the current against $1/E$
\end{itemize}
\hfil\includegraphics[height=4.5cm]{Millikan-Lauritsen_current.png}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Field emission through a triangular barrier}
\vfill
\begin{itemize}
  \item \href{https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1928.0091}{[Fowler, Nordheim, 1928]}: predicted that the current is, for small $E$,
  $$
    J\approx CE^2e^{-\frac aE}
  $$
  \item (\href{https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/44/5/05530@}{[Rokhlenko, 2011]}: studied the range of applicability of the approximation, and found more accurate approximations for larger fields.)
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Fowler-Nordheim equation}
\begin{itemize}
  \item Schr\"odinger equation
  $$
    i\partial_t\psi=-\Delta\psi+\Theta(x)(U-Ex)\psi
  $$
  \item Fowler-Nordheim: stationary solution: $\psi_{\mathrm{FN}}(x,t)=e^{-ik^2t}\varphi_{\mathrm{FN}}(x)$
  $$
    \varphi_{\mathrm{FN}}(x)=
    \left\{ \begin{array}{l@{\ }l}
      e^{ikx}+R_Ee^{-ikx} & x<0\\
      T_E\mathrm{Ai}(e^{-\frac{i\pi}3}(E^{\frac13}x-E^{-\frac23}(U-k^2)) & x>0
    \end{array}\right.  
  $$
  $R_E$ and $T_E$ are chosen so that $\varphi_{\mathrm{FN}}$ and $\partial\varphi_{\mathrm{FN}}$ are continuous at $x=0$.
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Fowler-Nordheim equation}
\vfill
\hfil\includegraphics[height=5.5cm]{asymptotic.pdf}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Initial value problem}
\begin{itemize}
  \item Initial condition:
  $$
    \psi(x,0)=
    \left\{ \begin{array}{l@{\ }l}
      e^{ikx}+R_0e^{-ikx} & x<0\\
      T_0 e^{-\sqrt{U-k^2}x} & x>0
    \end{array}\right.  
  $$
  $R_0$ and $T_0$ ensure that $\psi$ and $\partial\psi$ are continuous.
  \item {\bf Theorem}: $\psi(x,t)$ behaves asymptotically like $\psi_{\mathrm{FN}}$:
  $$
    \psi(x,t)
    =\psi_{\mathrm{FN}}(x,t)+\left(\frac{t}{\tau_E(x)}\right)^{-\frac32}+O(t^{-\frac52})
    .
  $$
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Photoemission}
\begin{itemize}
  \item Photoelectric effect: early observations: \href{https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18872670827}{[Hertz, 1887]}, \href{https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18882690206}{[Hallwachs, 1888]}, \href{https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19003070611}{[Lenard, 1900]}.
  \item When a metal is irradiated with ultra-violet light, electrons are ionized, with kinetic energies at integer multiples of $\hbar\omega$.
  \item \href{https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19053220607}{[Einstein, 1905]}: interpretation: quanta of light ({\it photons}) of energy $\hbar\omega$ are absorbed by the electrons, whose kinetic energy is raised by $n\hbar\omega$, and can escape the metal.
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Photoemission}
\begin{itemize}
  \item Time dependent potential:
  $$
    V_t(x)=\Theta(x)(U-2\epsilon\omega\cos(\omega t)x)
  $$
  \item Magnetic gauge:
  $$
    \Psi(x,t)
    :=\psi(x,t)e^{-ix\Theta(x)A(t)}
    ,\quad
    A(t):=\int_0^t ds\ 2\epsilon\omega\cos(\omega s)
  =
  2\epsilon\sin(\omega t)
  $$
  satisfies
  $$
    i\partial_t\Psi(x,t)=\left((-i\nabla+\Theta(x)A(t))^2+\Theta(x)U\right)\Psi(x,t)
  $$
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Periodic solution}
\vskip-10pt
\begin{itemize}
  \item \href{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.72.023412}{[Faisal, Kami\'nski, Saczuk, 2005]}
  $$
    \Psi_{\mathrm{FKS}}(x,t)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}
      e^{ikx}\exp\left(-ik^2t\right)+\Psi_R(x,t)&\mathrm{\ if\ }x<0\\
      \Psi_T(x,t)&\mathrm{\ if\ }x>0
    \end{array}\right.
  $$
  $$
    \Psi_R(x,t)=\sum_{M\in\mathbb Z}R_Me^{-iq_Mx}\exp\left(-iq_M^2t\right)
    ,\quad
    q_M=\sqrt{k^2+M\omega}
  $$
  $$
    \Psi_T(x,t)=\sum_{M\in\mathbb Z}T_Me^{ip_Mx}\exp\left(-iUt-i\int_0^td\tau\ (p_M-A(\tau))^2\right)
  $$
  $$
    p_M=\sqrt{k^2-U+M\omega-2\epsilon^2}
  $$
  \item $\Psi(x,t)$, $(-i\nabla+\Theta(x)A(t))\Psi(x,t)$ are continuous.
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Initial value problem}
\begin{itemize}
  \item Initial condition:
  $$
    \Psi(x,0)=
    \left\{ \begin{array}{l@{\ }l}
      e^{ikx}+R_0e^{-ikx} & x<0\\
      T_0 e^{-\sqrt{U-k^2}x} & x>0
    \end{array}\right.  
  $$
  $R_0$ and $T_0$ ensure that $\Psi$ and $\partial\Psi$ are continuous.
  \item {\bf Conjecture} (in progress): $\Psi(x,t)$ behaves asymptotically like $\Psi_{\mathrm{FKS}}$:
  $$
    \psi(x,t)
    =\psi_{\mathrm{FKS}}(x,t)+\left(\frac{t}{\tau_{\mathrm{FKS}}(x)}\right)^{-\frac32}+O(t^{-\frac52})
    .
  $$
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Idea of the proof: field emission}
\begin{itemize}
  \item Laplace transform:
  $$
    \hat\psi_p(x):=\int_0^\infty dt\ e^{-pt}\psi(x,t)
  $$
  \item Schr\"odinger equation:
  $$
    (-\Delta+\Theta(x)V(x)-ip)\psi_p(x)=-i\psi(x,0)
    ,\quad
    V(x):=U-Ex
  $$
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Solution in Laplace space}
\begin{itemize}
  \item For simplicity, $R_0\equiv T_0\equiv0$.
  \item Solution:
  $$
    \hat\psi_p(x)=
    \left\{\begin{array}{>\displaystyle l@{\ }l}
      c(p)e^{\sqrt{-ip}x}-\frac{ie^{ikx}}{-ip+k^2}
      &\mathrm{if\ }x<0\\[0.5cm]
      d(p)\varphi_p(x)
      &\mathrm{if\ }x> 0
    \end{array}\right.
  $$
  with
  $$
    (-\Delta+V(x)-ip)\varphi_p(x)=0
  $$
  $$
    \varphi_p(x)=\mathrm{Ai}\left(e^{-\frac{i\pi}3}\left(E^{\frac13}x-E^{-\frac23}(U-ip)\right)\right)
  $$
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Solution in Laplace space}
\begin{itemize}
  \item $c$ and $d$ ensure that $\hat\psi_p(x)$ and $\partial\hat\psi_p(x)$ are continuous at $x=0$:
  $$
    c(p)=\frac{i(ik\varphi_p(0)-\partial\varphi_p(0))}{(-ip+k^2)(\sqrt{-ip}\varphi_p(0)-\partial\varphi_p(0))}
  $$
  $$
    d(p)=-\frac{i}{(\sqrt{-ip}+ik)(\sqrt{-ip}\varphi_p(0)-\partial\varphi_p(0))}.
  $$
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Poles in Laplace plane}
\vfill
\hfil\includegraphics[height=5.5cm]{contour.pdf}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Asymptotic behavior}
\begin{itemize}
  \item As $t\to\infty$:
  $$
    \psi(x,t)
    =\psi_{\mathrm{FN}}(x,t)+\left(\frac{t}{\tau_E(x)}\right)^{-\frac32}+O(t^{-\frac52})
    .
  $$

  \item If $k<0$ (reflected wave), then there is no pole on the imaginary axis, so there is no contribution as $t\to\infty$.
  \item Similarly, the transmitted wave in the initial condition does not contribute.
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Idea of the proof: photoemission}
\begin{itemize}
  \item In Laplace space:
  $$
    \hat\Psi_p(x):=\int_0^\infty dt\ e^{-pt}\Psi(x,t)
  $$
  the equation is discrete:
  $$
    \mathfrak f_n^{(\sigma)}(x):=\hat\Psi_{-ik^2-i\sigma-in\omega}(x)
    ,\quad
    \mathcal Re(\sigma)\in[{\textstyle-\frac\omega 2,\frac\omega 2})
  $$
  $$
    \begin{array}{r}
      \left(-\Delta-k^2-\sigma-n\omega+\Theta(x)\left(U+2\epsilon^2\right)\right)\mathfrak f_n^{(\sigma)}(x)
      -\Theta(x)2\epsilon\nabla(\mathfrak f_{n+1}^{(\sigma)}(x)-\mathfrak f_{n-1}^{(\sigma)}(x))
      \\[0.5cm]
      -\Theta(x)\epsilon^2(\mathfrak f_{n+2}^{(\sigma)}(x)+\mathfrak f_{n-2}^{(\sigma)}(x))
      =-i\psi(x,0)
    \end{array}
  $$
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Initial value problem}
\begin{itemize}
  \item This system of ODEs is {\it integrable} for $x<0$ and $x>0$, so we have closed form expressions for a family of solutions $\mathfrak f_n^{(\sigma)}(x)$, parametrized by two sequences $c_n^{(\sigma)}$ and $d_n^{(\sigma)}$:
  $$
    \mathfrak f_n^{(\sigma)}(x)=
    \left\{\begin{array}{>\displaystyle ll}
      c_n^{(\sigma)}e^{-ix\sqrt{k^2+\sigma+n\omega}}+\frac{ie^{ikx}}{\sigma+n\omega}
      &,\ x<0
      \\[0.5cm]
      \frac\omega{2\pi}\sum_{m\in\mathbb Z}
      d_m^{(\sigma)}e^{-\kappa_m^{(\sigma)}x}\int_0^{\frac{2\pi}\omega}dt\ e^{-i(n-m)\omega t}e^{\frac{i\epsilon^2}\omega\sin(2\omega t)+\kappa_m^{(\sigma)}\frac{4\epsilon}\omega\cos(\omega t)}
      &,\ x>0
    \end{array}\right.
  $$
  with
  $$
    \kappa_m^{(\sigma)}:=\sqrt{U+2\epsilon^2-k^2-\sigma-m\omega}
  $$
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\eject

\title{Initial value problem}
\begin{itemize}
  \item The sequences $c_n$ and $d_n$ are determined by the continuity condition at $x=0$:
  $$
    \sum_{m\in\mathbb Z}G_{n,m}^{(\sigma)}d_m^{(\sigma)}=v_n^{(\sigma)}
    ,\quad
    c_n^{(\sigma)}=\sum_{m\in\mathbb Z}H_{n,m}^{(\sigma)}d_m^{(\sigma)}+w_n^{(\sigma)}
    .
  $$
  \item The long-time behavior of $\Psi$ depends on the singularities of $\hat\Psi_p$ with $p\in i\mathbb R$.
  \item Can prove (by solving the equation for $\psi(x,t)$ using a Fourier transform in $x$) that the Schr\"odinger equation has a unique solution. This implies that $G^{(\sigma)}$ is invertible for imaginary $\sigma$.
  \item Only singularities on imaginary axis: $-ik^2+i\omega\mathbb Z$.
\end{itemize}
\vfill
\eject

\end{document}